ABSTRACT
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a local and systemic inflammation process which is characterized by extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells and outbreak of inflammatory factors.Recent researches have shown that macrophage play a critical role in the process of AP,in particular,peritoneal macro phage as a main innate immune cell in the peritoneal cavity which has been reported not only serve as the first line in host defense,but also help maintaining the immune homeostasis and coordinate the repair and regenerate response by regulating the polarization of their phenotype.Recently,peritoneal macrophages could interact with ascetic fluid of AP patient,and further affect the development and resolution of inflammation.In this review,authors focused on the role and regulatory mechanism of peritoneal macrophage in the progress of AP.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major mediator of angiogenesis, and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). This study was designed to identify the possible role of VEGF gene polymorphisms in the development of DR in type 2 diabetic patients in Chinese and clarify the relationship between VEGF serum levels and the risk of DR.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This cross-sectional study included 1 040 Chinese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. There were 372 patients diagnosed with DR in the case group and 668 patients without DR in the control group. DNA from each patient was analyzed for VEGF polymorphisms of -2578A/C (rs699947), -1154G/A (rs1570360), -460C/T (rs833061), +405C/G (rs2010963), and +936C/T (rs3025039) using MassARRAY compact analyzer. The VEGF serum levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No evidence of association was observed between -2578 A/C (rs699947), +405C/G (rs2010963), +936C/T (rs3025039), and DR risk under stringent Bonferroni's correction. However, VEGF serum levels were significantly higher in DR patients than those of control group. The genetic variation of VEGF polymorphisms influenced VEGF serum levels; subjects carrying the VEGF -2578 C/C (rs699947) genotype had greater VEGF serum levels than those carrying the C/A genotype and VEGF serum levels were significantly higher in CC genotype of the +405C/G (rs2010963) compared with those of the other genotypes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The data did not suggest significant association between the VEGF polymorphisms and DR risk under stringent Bonferroni's correction. However, our study indicated that DR patients have higher VEGF levels than diabetic patients without retinopathy, and -2578A/C (rs699947) and +405C/G (rs2010963) may be important factors in determining serum VEGF levels.</p>
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Asian People , Genetics , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Diabetic Retinopathy , Blood , Genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A , Blood , GeneticsABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Numerous studies have investigated the association between adiponectin concentrations and diabetic retinopathy (DR) caused by type 2 diabetic mellitus. However, the results remain conflicting. We performed a meta-analysis to explore the relationship between adiponectin concentrations and risk of DR caused by type 2 diabetic mellitus from published articles.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A published literature search was performed through the PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Science Citation Index Expanded database, Chinese CNKI, and Chinese Wan Fang databases for articles published in English and Chinese. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using random or fixed effects model. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the Cochrane Q test and I(2) statistics.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Nineteen studies with a total of 1 545 cases and 1 502 controls were retrieved. The original meta-analysis found a significant difference in the adiponectin concentrations between the DR and non-DR (NDR) groups. After excluding the high heterogeneity studies, the second meta-analysis also demonstrated the significant association (SMD (95% CI) = -0.62 (-0.80 to -0.44), P = 0.0001). According to the available data, there was statistical significance in the adiponectin concentrations considering non-proliferative DR (NPDR) versus NDR, PDR versus NPDR in Chinese populations with high heterogeneity.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Adiponectin concentrations are correlated with DR; however, the relationship between adiponectin concentrations and DR needs more in-depth investigations with larger sample sizes.</p>